World Archaeol 46:775–798īetts A, Jia PW, Dodson J (2014) The origins of wheat in China and potential pathways for its introduction: a review. Science 357:93–97īarton L, An C-B (2014) An evaluation of competing hypotheses for the early adoption of wheat in East Asia. It appears that bread wheat was not cultivated extensively in Shandong until hundreds of years later, perhaps due to limitations of climatic, technological, and/or social factors.Īvni R, Nave M, Barad O, Baruch K, Twardziok SO, Gundlach H, Hale I, Mascher M, Spannagl M, Wiebe K, Jordan KW, Golan G, Deek J, Ben-Zvi B, Ben-Zvi G, Himmelbach A, MacLachlan RP, Sharpe AG, Fritz A, Ben-David R, Budak H, Fahima T, Korol A, Faris JD, Hernandez A, Mikel MA, Levy AA, Steffenson B, Maccaferri M, Tuberosa R, Cattivelli L, Faccioli P, Ceriotti A, Kashkush K, Pourkheirandish M, Komatsuda T, Eilam T, Sela H, Sharon A, Ohad N, Chamovitz DA, Mayer KFX, Stein N, Ronen G, Peleg Z, Pozniak CJ, Akhunov ED, Distelfeld A (2017) Wild emmer genome architecture and diversity elucidate wheat evolution and domestication. Comparison with existing data suggests that, upon arrival on the coast of eastern Shandong, bread wheat quickly dispersed inland and arrived in the Central China Plain and North China Plain by about 2000 BC. Given the coastal location of the two Shandong sites yielding early wheat remains, however, a trans-Asian dispersal including ocean travel cannot be excluded. Our finding implies that there may have been more than one possible route for wheat transmission to China, including the Eurasian Steppe route. The directly dated wheat grain at Sujiacun is coeval with those found at the Zhaojiazhuang site. Our results by direct dating of a mixed crop cohort consistently show that bread wheat was first introduced into the eastern Chinese coast about 2460–2210 BC. Here, we present one more line of direct evidence for early occurrence of bread wheat at the coastal site of Sujiacun in the Rizhao area of southeastern Shandong Province, China. Notwithstanding a growing body of data, its timing, pace, and pathway of dispersal as well as social impact in China continue to be debated. Originally domesticated in southwestern Asia, bread wheat represents an exotic element that eventually broadened the subsistence strategies in more than one area of China.
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